Grammar

For each lesson, new words are put in bold. Most older words are temporarily removed, but are gathered in the Grown Grammar at the end.

Vowels: At the end of a word the long oo and uu are written single: wo, ju.
The details indicated in vowels about íe, úu and ü'ü are not observes here.

Lesson 2

The plural is usually formed by adding -e to the singular: Huuse.
Some words change the vowel: Rääd - Reede.
Some words show irregular plurals: the plural of Ku is Bäiste.

Lesson 3

Normal word order: iek (Subject) bän (Verb) Buur (Object), iek hääbe n Winkel = SVO
Reversed in questioning: bäst du Buur? = VSO.
Reversed after adverbs: Dan hääst (V) du (S) et drok (Adjunct): VSAd.

articles	singular	masculine		die
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dät
	indefenite			n
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Buur, Winkel, Tonk
		feminine		Raise
		neutral		Huus, Schap
	plural			Woaine
adjectives				ful, min
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
	personal plural	1st case	2nd person	jie
		2nd/3rd/4th case	2nd person	jou
	indefenite			et, dät, me
	possessive
		plural	1st person	uus
	reflexive
	distributive
	demonstrative			sun
		neutral		dät
	interrogative			wo
	relative
numerals				fjauer, fuul
adverbs				däälich, jäärsene, licht, nit, sicher, so, wäil
prepositions				mäd
conjunctions				man, un
interjections				jee, noa
verbs	infinitive			iete
	present	singular	1st person	bän, hääbe
			2nd person	bäst, hääst
			3rd person	kricht, paaset
		plural	all persons	hääbe, konnen
	past participle			häiwed
names	masculine			Wülm, Dierk
vowels	shorts			ä, ü, u, e, a, i, o
	longs			ee, ie, o=oo, u=uu, ää, oa, paaset
	diphthongs			ou, ai, oai, äi, fjauer

Consonants: The pronunciation of s at the beginning of a word (sicher, so) is always sharp, as in English: sister.
The sch is always pronunciated with Ach-sound, as in Scottish, so Schap.
Verbs: The final -et for singular 3rd person present in paaset applies for je-verbs.
The final -n for plural present in konnen only applies the so called preterito-presentic verbs duure, konne, moute, muuge, schälle, wiete, wolle that are further characterized by missing of final t (or s in English) in the singular 3rd person present tense, also in English hie kon_ 'he can_'.
Normal word order: SVAd: Uus Schap is ful.
Jie (S) konnen (auxiliary verb) hier däälich wäil (Adjunct) iete (V) > SHAV.

Lesson 5

articles	singular	masculine		die; dän
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dät
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Räid, Sies, Sukker, Tee
		feminine		Humpe, Grammatik
		neutral		Täärp, Woud
	diminutive	neutral		[litje Humpe]
	plural			Woaine, Woude
adjectives				gjucht, sääd
	inflected			litje, näie
	comparative			fääre
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
	personal plural			jie, wie
		2nd/3rd/4th case	2nd person	jou
	indefenite			et, me
	possessive
		plural	1st person	uus
	reflexive
	distributive
	demonstrative
		neutral		dät
	interrogative			wo, wät
	relative
numerals				fuul, fieuw
adverbs				deer, deerfon, glieks, hier
prepositions				ätter, foar, fon, in
conjunctions				man, un
interjections				noa, tonkje
verbs	infinitive			moakje, tonkje, wäide
	present	singular	1st person	haw, kon
			2nd person	hast, wolt
			3rd person	paaset, gefaalt
		plural	all persons	gunge, wollen
	past participle			häiwed
	past tense	singular	3rd person	kwad
	imperative			leer, luk, fersäik
names	masculine			Wülm, Dierk
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, oai, ou

Articles: The masculine article for the 3rd/4/ case is dän, short n.
Diminutives are not generally used in Saterfrisian. Instead litje is added: litje Humpe.
Adjectives with feminin nouns always have an inflection syllable -e added: ju litje Humpe, ne litje Humpe, litje Humpen.
This also occurs with masculine nouns, except in case of an indefenite article: die näie Woain, näie Woaine, but n näien Woain.
With neutral nouns the inflection syllable only appears in plural or when the defenite article is applied: dät näie Huus, do näie Huuse, but otherwise it is missing: n näi Huus, näi Woater 'new water'.
MInd the second class of teh weak verbs, where the infinitive has a final -je: moakje, tonkje. The final syllables in the present singular are -je, -est, -et; plural -je: iek moakje, du moakest, hie moaket; wie moakje. The first class has an infinitive with final -e: leere; the final syllables of the present singular are -e, -st, -t; plural: -e: iek leere, du leerst, hie leert; wie leere.

Lesson 6

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dät
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Jikkel, Kop
		feminine		Doore, Kipse, Wäitegaid
		neutral		Woud, Wäitegaid
	plural			Dooren, Wieuwljuude
adjectives				sääd, wäit
	inflected			näie, tichten
	comparative			fääre
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		2nd/3rd/4th case	2nd person	jou
	indefenite			et, me
	possessive
		plural	1st person	uus
	reflexive
	distributive
	demonstrative
		neutral		dät
	interrogative			wät, wäkke
	relative
numerals				bee, säks, n_bitje
adverbs				man
prepositions				ap, truch
conjunctions				man, un
interjections				noa, tonkje
verbs	infinitive			wäide, gunge
	present	singular	1st person	kon, dreege
			2nd person	hääst, wolt
			3rd person	gefaalt, rient
		plural	all persons	konnen, schällen
	past participle			häiwed
	past tense	singular	1st person	wüül
			3rd person	kwad
	imperative			fersäik, leer, luk
names	masculine			Wülm, Dierk
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, wüül
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, oai, ou, Wieuwljuude

Nouns: Wieuwljuude is the plural form of Wieuw, (so Wieuwmoanske); just as Monljuude to Mon.
Substantives with final e- have a final -n in plural: Dooren, Raisen.

Lesson 7

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de
		neutral		dät, t
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Wai
		feminine		Säärke, Schoule
		neutral		Weeder
	diminutive	neutral
	plural			Bäidene
adjectives				wäit, drok
	inflected			tichte, maale
	comparative			fääre
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		2nd/3rd/4th case	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo
	indefenite			me, wäl
	possessive
		plural	1st person	uus
	reflexive
	distributive
	demonstrative
		neutral		dät
	interrogative			wat, wäkke
	relative
numerals				säks, soogen
adverbs				daach, deer, ieuwen, man, mäiden, wäch
prepositions				bie, an, uur
conjunctions				un, dät
interjections				tonkje, so
verbs	infinitive			wäide, gunge
	present	singular	1st person	dreege, toanke
			2nd person	hääst, wolt
			3rd person	rient, lopt
		plural	all persons	schällen, spielje
	continuing			an t sjungen
	past participle			häiwed, weesen
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	kwad, geen
	imperative			leer, kiek
names	masculine			Wülm, Dierk
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, ieuw, oai, ou

Articles: Instead of the feminine article ju one sometines finds de when leaning to a previous word.
Nouns: Irregular plural forms apply for Wai - Weege and for Dai - Deege.
Adverbs: der is often applied at positions where it seems to be superfluous, but not as often as in Dutch!
With daach one means here 'notwithstanding the bad weather'.
Verbs: Spielje is an example of the second class of t6he weak verbs, the je-verbs, only preserved in Frisian.
The construction with an t .. indicates a continuing activity.

Lesson 8

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de
		neutral		dät, t
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Baabe, Gebuursdai, Snäiwende
		feminine		Fier, Määme, Möie, Steede, Wiek
		neutral		Woud
	plural			Bäidene, Jier
adjectives				oold, touken
	inflected			glieke
	comparative			fääre, allr
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du
		masculine	3rd person	hie
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die

	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
			2nd person	jie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		2nd/3rd/4th case	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo
	indefenite			me, wäl
	possessive	masculine	3rd person	sin; sien
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
	reflexive
	distributive
	demonstrative	feminine		ju
		neutral		dät
	interrogative			wo, wanner
	relative
numerals				fjautich, füüftich, oachte, n_poor
adverbs				al, bolde, wier
prepositions				bie, an
conjunctions				dät, as
interjections				so, nu
verbs	infinitive			gunge, hääbe
	present	singular	1st person	dreege, toanke
			2nd person	hääst, wolt
			3rd person	lopt, wäd
		plural	all persons	schällen, spielje
	past participle			weesen, grätlierd
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	kwad, geen
	imperative			kiek, , moak, sät
names	masculine			Wülm, Dierk
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, ieuw, oai, ou, Möie

Nouns: Jier is not changed in plural, when counting, like some other nouns: two Puund 'two pounds' (1kg). Otherwise the plural is: do Jiere.
The days of the week: Sundai, Moundai, Täisdai, Middewiek, Tuunsdai, Fräindai, Snäiwende.
Verbs that have a stem with final -d, also have a final -d in the 3rd person singular: wäd.
Pronouns: Members of the nearest family are always indicated with the plural forms uus, jou.

Lesson 9

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de
		neutral		dät, t
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Besäik, Bruur, Käärel, Koaster,
		feminine		Naite, Oarbaid, Suster, Waareld
		neutral		,Moanske
	plural			Bäidene
adjectives				fergeen, fier, loange
	inflected			ganse, kuute, litje
	comparative			allr, tichter
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du
		masculine	3rd person	hie, die
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
		masculine	3rd person	him
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
			2nd person	jie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		2nd/3rd/4th case	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo, do
	indefenite			wäl, wät
	possessive	singular	1st person	min, mien
			2nd person
		masculine	3rd person	sin, sien
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
			3rd person	hiere
	reflexive
	distributive
	demonstrative	masculine		die
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dat
		plural		do
	interrogative			wanner, wier, wieruur
	relative			wier
numerals				oachte, njuugen
adverbs				al, apstuuns, beeter, bolde, dan, drok, häär, noch, oafte, silläärge_nit, tichter_bie, tougong
	comparative			oafter
prepositions				bie, an, mäd
conjunctions				as, also, dan
interjections				so, nu
verbs	infinitive			fiende, fräigje, leeuwe
	present	singular	1st person	toanke, weet
			2nd person	wolt, meenst
			3rd person	wäd, woont
		plural	all persons	blieuwe, kuume, baale, wieten
	1st Partizip			tougong_mäd_moaljen
	past participle			geen, kuud, blouked
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	geen, kuud
		plural		hieden, wieren
	imperative			kiek, sät
names	masculine			Kloas
	feminine			Oaltje
	indefenite			Ait, Amerikoa, Düütsklound, Kanada
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, ieuw, oai, öi, ou, leeuwe

Normal word order with two helpverbs (auxiliary verbs: Jo hieden beeter wät tichter bie blieuwe kuud = SHAVH.
After adverv: Dan hieden jo [..] blieuwe kuud = AHSVH.
With one auxiliary: Deer kuud hiere Käärel Oarbaid fiende = AHSOV (compare Grammar Lessons 3 and 4).
Adjevtives will not be inflected after possessive pronouns when the substantive is neutral: hier näi Huus. feminine/masculine: min näie Woain.
Verbs: The reversed word order du meenst? stresses the pronoun du more than the usual: meenst du?
Saterfrisian does not show a seperate conjunctive form: hieden also means 'had' as well as 'would have'.
Some possessive pronouns change the vowel depending on the gender of the following substantive. So mien Suster, min Bruur. The same with: sien/sin, dien/din.

Lesson 10

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de
		neutral		dät, t
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Huund, Mon, Noaber, Ommer, Seelter, Wänt
		feminine		Äiwenge, Hounde, Sproake, Tied
		neutral		Ougefal, Wucht
	diminutive	neutral		Aantje
	plural			Äiwende, Deege, Ljuude, Moanskene, Satsteekene, Spatien
adjectives				duftich, groot, hooch, keetich, lastich, licht, oain, scheen, Seeltersk
	inflected			litje, uurfloudige
	comparative			fääre, allr
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du, [höflich:] jie
		masculine	3rd person	hie, die
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
		masculine	3rd person	him
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
			2nd person	jie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		all Fälle	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo, do
	indefenite			wät, sälwen
		plural		sukke
	possessive	singular	1st person	min, mien
			2nd person
		masculine	3rd person	sin, sien
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
			3rd person	hiere
	reflexive		2nd person	jou
	distributive
	demonstrative	masculine		die
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dät
		plural		sukke
	interrogative			wier, wäl²
	relative			wier
numerals				aal, aan, een, fuul, tjoon, two
adverbs				altied, deeruum, foarnunner, fonsälwen, gans, gjucht, ieuwen², jädden, oafte, touhuus, wäch, wäil uk
	comparative			oafter
prepositions				fon, tou
conjunctions				as² wan, also
interjections				gouden Dai, och, tjüüs
verbs	infinitive			baale, brange, dwo, hoolde, kostje, kweede
	present	singular	1st person	weet, gunge
			2nd person	wolt, meenst
			3rd person	boalt, häd, kumt, mai, wol
		plural	all persons	beginne, hääbe, leere, mouten, sjo, wollen
	1st Partizip			tougong mäd moaljen
	past participle			leerd, woond
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	hiede, wüül
		plural		hieden, wieren
	imperative			föige ien, hoal, kopiere, oachte
	gerund			tou fäilen, tou heeren, dät scheenmoakjen
names	masculine			Heinrich
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, eeuw, ieuw, oai, öi, ou

Diminutives only seldom appear: Aantje is such a case.
Numerals: With masculine substantives, the first three numerals are: aan, twäin, träi, instead of otherwise een, two, tjo. One thus finds aan Wänt beside een Wucht.
Verbs: with the polite pronoun jie in present one applies the plural form of the verb: jie beginne.
Gerund is the the infinitive-form with added final -n. It appears behind tou, as well as when then verbs is used substantively.
Also verbs with an infinitive ending in a vowel have a gerund with final -n, also: tou dwoon, dät sjoon.

Lesson 11

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de
		neutral		dät, t
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Disk, Kääden, Tuun
		feminine		Lust, Uure
		neutral		Bääd, Huus, Lucht, Soaks, Weeder
	diminutive	neutral		Aantje
	plural			Appelsienen, Boome, Stoule
adjectives				ädder, fluch, koold, kroank, läip, leet, ljoacht, loos
	inflected			litje, uurfloudige
	comparative			allr, flugger
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du, jie
		masculine	3rd person	hie, die
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
		masculine	3rd person	him
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
			2nd person	jie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		all Fälle	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo, do, se
		acc./dative	3rd person
	indefenite			wät, sälwen
		plural		sukke
	possessive	singular	1st person	min, mien
			2nd person
		masculine	3rd person	sin, sien
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
			3rd person	hiere
	reflexive		2nd person	jou
	distributive
	demonstrative	masculine		die
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dät
		plural		do
	interrogative			wier, wäl²
	relative			wier
numerals				alwen, neen, wäkke
adverbs				buute, deerfon, eerste, fon_ou, ieuwen, jäärsene, middeeges, säiwens, smäidens, sogoar, straks, uurs_wät
	comparative			oafter
prepositions				juun, sunner
conjunctions				also, as³
interjections				nit, wät
verbs	infinitive			baale, lääse, reeke, sitte
	present	singular	1st person	gunge_lääse, iete, läite, schäl, stounde_ap
			2nd person	doarst, hääst_gjucht, laist
			3rd person	wol, schient
		plural	all persons	reeke, sätte
	1st Partizip			tougong mäd moaljen
	past participle			leerd, woond
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	hiede, wüül
		plural		hieden, wieren
	imperative			lai, reek
	gerund			dät moakjen,
names	masculine			Heinrich
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, eeuw, ieuw, oai, öi, ou

Instead of the personal pronoun plural jo leaning against a previous word often se appears.
The adverb buute has a final -n added behind ätter and fon: ätter buuten. The sam with binne, buppe: fon binnen, ätter buppen.

Lesson 12

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de
		neutral		dät, t
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Bauer, Ooldbaabe, Tuun, Uurwinst
		feminine		Gruunde, Regierenge, Siede, Steede, Sträite
		neutral		Foulk, Jäild, Lieuwend, Stuk
	diminutive	neutral		Aantje
	plural			Stoule, Huuse
adjectives				riek, ruum, stukken, uur
	inflected			juure, lieke
	comparative			allr, flugger
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du, jie
		masculine	3rd person	hie, die
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
		masculine	3rd person	him
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
			2nd person	jie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		all Fälle	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo, do, se
		acc./dative	3rd person
	indefenite			sälwen, älk
		plural		sukke
	possessive	singular	1st person	min, mien
			2nd person	dien
		masculine	3rd person	sin, sien
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
			3rd person	hiere
	reflexive		2nd person	jou
			3rd person	sik
	distributive
	demonstrative	masculine		die
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dit, disse, sowät
		plural		do
	interrogative			wier, wäl²
	relative			do_der, wät, wier
numerals				moor, sofuul, tweelich
adverbs				deerfoar, juust, niks, soloange, toulääst
	comparative			oafter
prepositions				juun, sunner
conjunctions				also, as³
interjections				jee, och
verbs	infinitive			gewäide, kriege, moakje, schoomje
	present	singular	1st person	läite, schäl
			2nd person	doarst, laist
			3rd person	koopet, kon, lät, nimt
		plural	all persons	kostje, moakje, stounde
	1st Partizip			tougong mäd moaljen
	past participle			baud, moaked
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	stuud, waas
		plural		wieren, woonden
	imperative			lai, reek
	gerund			dät moakjen
names	masculine			Heinrich
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, eeuw, ieuw, oai, öi, ou

Pronouns reflexiv 3rd person: one finds accordingly: hi schoomet sik, jo schoomje sik etc.
Verbs: Final -ed for the 2nd participle in moaked applies for je-verbs.
In der past tense one has moakede, plural moakeden. No e appears behind l and r: spield, spielde, grätlierd, grätlierde.
Die verbs der 1st Klasse haben da -d, -de, -den: leerd, leerde, leerden.

Lesson 13

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de
		neutral		dät, t
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Fädder
		feminine		Äide. Familie
		neutral		Noude, Suude, Woud
	diminutive	neutral		Aantje
	plural			Stoule, Huuse
adjectives				stukken, stil
	inflected			lieke, bääste
	comparative			allr, flugger
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du, jie
		masculine	3rd person	hie, die
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
		masculine	3rd person	him
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
			2nd person	jie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		all Fälle	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo, do, se
		acc./dative	3rd person
	indefenite			älk, aal
		plural		sukke
	possessive	singular	1st person	min, mien
			2nd person	dien
		masculine	3rd person	sin, sien
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
			3rd person	hiere
	reflexive		2nd person	jou
			3rd person	sik
	distributive
	demonstrative	masculine		die
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dit, disse, sowät
		plural		do
	interrogative			wier, wäl² ,
	relative			do_der, wät, wier
numerals				aal, neen, trättien
adverbs				alleene, apmoal, bieloangs, bolde, buppe, deer..wai, fielicht, man_moal, tourääch, unner
	comparative			oafter
prepositions				ätter..wai, mee, twiske, sunner
conjunctions				as³, dät
interjections				och, du
verbs	infinitive			kiekje
	present	singular	1st person	schäl, nieme
			2nd person	gungst, kumst
			3rd person	lät, nimt
		plural	all persons	gunge, heere, ounfange
	1st Partizip			tougong mäd moaljen
	past participle			baud, moaked
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	waas, koom, toachte
		plural		schuulen, woonden
	imperative			lai, reek
	gerund			dät moakjen
names	masculine			Heinrich, Jan
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, eeuw, ieuw, oai, öi, ou

Attention: Iek toachte, wie schuulen deer man moal kiekje. This has the same meaning as: Iek toachte, dät wie deer man moal kiekje schuulen.
Iek wol ätter Amerikoa, also: Iek wol ätter Amerikoa wai.

Lesson 14

articles	singular	feminine/masculine		die, dän, n
				ju, de
		neutral		dät, t
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Flieger, Gjoome, Middel, Raisende, Sicherhaidsgjoome Stoul
		feminine		Kaante, Nummer, Swimwääste
		neutral		Diert, Eende, Ooge
	diminutive	neutral		Aantje
	plural			Meeter, Nummere, Oogene
adjectives				fräi, loos², weer
	inflected			bääste, älke
	comparative			allr, beeter
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du, jie
		masculine	3rd person	hie, die
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
		masculine	3rd person	him
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		all Fälle	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo, do, se
		acc./dative	3rd person
	indefenite			älk, aal
		plural		sukke
	possessive	singular	1st person	min, mien
			2nd person	dien
		masculine	3rd person	sin, sien
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
			3rd person	hiere
	reflexive		2nd person	jou
	distributive		3rd person	sik
	demonstrative	masculine		die
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dit, disse, sowät
		plural		do
	interrogative			wier, wäl²
	relative			do_der, wät, wier
numerals				fjautich, fjautien
adverbs				fluks, unnerwains
	comparative			oafter
prepositions				fon², uum, unner, uut
conjunctions				of, of², deeruum_dät
interjections				du, tonk
verbs	infinitive			fljooge, kriege, sitte, släipe
	present	singular	1st person	schäl, nieme
			2nd person	gungst, kumst
			3rd person	lät, nimt
		plural	all persons	gunge, heere
	1st Partizip			tougong mäd moaljen
	past participle			moaked, täld
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	kuud(e), saach, schuul, siet
			2nd person	kuust
		plural		fertälden, kuuden, moasten, wuuden
	imperative			lai, reek
	gerund			moakjen, kiekjen
names	masculine			Heinrich, Jan
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, eeuw, ieuw, oai, öi, ou

Nouns: Meeter does not change in plural, when counting; compare with Lesson 8.

Lesson 15

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de, e
		neutral		dät, et
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Eene, Hoangst, Jikkel, Sats, Tööneboank
		feminine		Kaste, Köäkene, Nummer, Uursättenge
		neutral		Papier, Resultoat, Swäites
	diminutive	neutral		Kluntje
	plural			Hoangste, Kluntjene
adjectives				bong, gau
	inflected			gjuchte, gjuchten, spreekenen, tomme
	comparative			allr, beeter
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du, jie
		masculine	3rd person	hie, die, er
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
		masculine	3rd person	him
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		all Fälle	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	jo, do, se
		acc./dative	3rd person
	indefenite			älk, aal
		plural		sukke
	possessive	singular	1st person	min, mien
			2nd person	dien, din
		masculine	3rd person	sin, sien
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
			3rd person	hiere
	reflexive		2nd person	jou, die
			3rd person	sik
	distributive
	demonstrative	masculine		die
		feminine		ju
		neutral		dit, disse, sowät
		plural		do
	interrogative			wier, wäl²
	relative			do_der, wät, wier
numerals				fjautien, füüftien, insen
adverbs				älkemoal, deer..mäd, fuuls, naargends, oun, uumekierd
	comparative			oafter
prepositions				fon², uum, unner, uut
conjunctions				of, of², deeruum_dät
interjections				du, tonk
verbs	infinitive			sitte, släipe, riede
	present	singular	1st person	schäl, nieme, wol
			2nd person	hougest, sjuchst, waast
			3rd person	lät, nimt, drammet, kon, lait, säkt
		plural	all persons	gunge, heere
	1st Partizip			tougong mäd moaljen
	past participle			moaked, täld
	past tense	singular	1st u. 3rd person	kuud(e), saach, siet
			2nd person	kuust, wüült
		plural		fertälden, kuuden, moasten, wuuden
	imperative			ferglieke, fersjuch, lustere, oantwoude, reekene, schrieuw, spräk, uursät
	gerund			tou reekenjen
names	masculine			Heinrich, Jan
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o=oo, oa, u=uu, üü, Köäkene, Tööneboank
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, eeuw, ieuw, oai, öi, ou

Instead of the personal pronoun 3rd person masculine hie leaning against a previous word, often er appears. High German has er, Low German-Dutch has hie, but Frisian preserves both of them.
Not treated in this course are the rather seldom vowels ö and äuw, e.g. in bölkje 'roar', häuw 'hit' (past tense).

The grown Grammar !
Summarizes all data learnd above

articles	singular	masculine		die, dän, n
		feminine		ju, de, e
		neutral		dät, et
	indefenite			n, ne
	plural			do
nouns	singular	masculine		Baabe, Bauer, Besäik, Besäik, Buur, Dai, Disk, Eene, Fädder, Flieger, Gebuursdai, Gjoome, Hoangst, Huund, Jikkel, Kääden, Käärel, Koaster, Kop, Mon, Noaber, Ommer, Ooldbaabe, Räid, Sats, Seelter, Sicherhaidsgjoome, Sies, Snäiwende, Stoul, Sukker, Tee, Tonk, Tööneboank, Tuun, Uurwinst, Wänt, Wiek, Winkel, Wai, Woain,
		feminine		Äide, Äiwenge, Doore, Familie, Fier, Grammatik, Gruunde, Hounde, Humpe, Kaante, Kaste, Kipse, Köäkene, Ku, Läkse, Lust, Määme, Möie, Naite, Nummer, Oarbaid, Raise, Regierenge, Säärke, Schoule, Siede, Sproake, Steede, Sträite, Suster, Swimwääste, Tied, Uure, Uursättenge, Waareld, Wäitegaid
		neutral		Bääd, Diert, Eende, Foulk, Huus, Jäild, Lieuwend, Lucht, Moanske, Noude, Ooge, Ougefal, Papier, Rääd, Resultoat, Schap, Soaks, Stuk, Suude, Swäites, Täärp, Wäitegaid, Weeder, Woud, Wucht
	diminutives	neutral		Aantje, [litje Humpe], Kluntje
	plural			Äiwende, Appelsienen, Bäidene, Boome, Deege, Dooren, Hoangste, Huuse, Jier(e), Kluntjene, Ljuude, Meeter(e), Moanskene, Nummere, Oogene, Reede, Satsteekene, Spatien, Stoule, Woaine, Woude, Wieuwljuude
adjectives				ädder, bong, drok, duftich, fergeen, fier, ful, gau, gjucht, goud, groot, hooch, jung, fergeen, fier, fluch, fräi, keetich, koold, kroank, läip, lastich, leet, licht, ljoacht, loange, loos, loos^2,min, näi, oain, oold, riek, ruum, sääd, scheen, Seeltersk, stil, stukken, touken, uur, wäit, weer
	inflected			älke, bääste, ganse, gjuchte, gjuchten, glieke, juure, kuute, lieke, litje, maale, näie, spreekenen, tichten, tomme, uurfloudige
	comparative			allr, beeter, fääre, flugger, tichter
pronouns	personal singular	nominative	1st person	iek
			2nd person	du, jie(höflich)
		masculine	3rd person	die, hie, er
		feminine	3rd person	ju
		acc./dative	1st person	mie
			2nd person	die
		masculine	3rd person	him
	personal plural	nominative	1st person	wie
			2nd person	jie
		acc./dative	1st person	uus
		2nd/3rd/4th case	2nd person	jou
		nominative	3rd person	do, jo, se
		acc./dative	3rd person
	indefenite			älk, dät, et, me, sälwen, wäl, wät
		plural		sukke
	possessive	singular	1st person	mien, min
			2nd person	dien, din
		masculine	3rd person	sien, sin
		feminine	3rd person	hiere
		plural	1st person	uus
			2nd person	jou
			3rd person	hiere
	reflexive		2nd person	die, jou
			3rd person	sik
	distributive
	demonstrative	masculine		die
		feminine		ju, sun(ne)
		neutral		dät, dit, disse, sowät
		plural		do, sukke
	interrogative			wäkke, wäl^2,wanner, wät, wier, wieruur, wo
	relative			do der, wät, wier
numerals				aal, aan, alwen, een, bee, n bitje, fieuw, fjauer, fjautich, fjautien, füüftich, füüftien, fuul, moor, neen, njuugen, oachte, n poor, säks, sofuul, soogen, tjo, tjoon, trättien, tweelich, two, wäkke
adverbs				al, älkemoal, allene, altied, apmoal, apstuuns, beeter, bieloangs, bolde, buppe, buute, daach, däälich, dan, deer, deerfoar, deerfon, deer..mäd, deeruum, deer..wai, eerste, fon ou, fielicht, fluks, foarnunner, fonsälwen, fuuls, gans, gjucht, glieks, häär, hier, ieuwen, ieuwen^2,jäärsene, jädden, juust, licht, mäiden, man, man moal, naargends, niks, nit, middeeges, noch, nu, oafte, oun, säiwens, sicher, silläärge nit, smäidens, so, sogoar, toulääst, soloange, straks, tichter bie, touhuus, tougong, tourääch, unner, unnerwains, uumekierd, uurs wät, wäch, wai, wäil, wäil uk, wier
	comparative			oafter
prepositions				ap, ätter, ätter..wai, foar, fon, fon^2,in, juun, mäd, mee, sunner, tou, truch, twiske, unner, uum, uut
conjunctions				also, as, as^2,as^3,dan, dät, deeruum dät, man, of, of^2,un, wan
interjections				du, gouden Dai, jee, nit, noa, nu, och, so, tjüüs, tonk, wät
verbs	infinitive			baale, brange, dwo, fiende, fljooge, fräigje, gewäide, gunge, hoolde, iete, kiekje, kostje, kriege, kweede, lääse, leeuwe, moakje, reeke, riede, schoomje, sitte, släipe, tonkje, wäide
	present	singular	1st person	bän, dreege, gunge, gunge lääse, hääbe, iete, kon, läite, nieme, schäl, stounde ap, toanke, weet, wol
			2nd person	bäst, doarst, gungst, hääst, hääst gjucht, hougest, kumst, laist, meenst, sjuchst, waast, wolt
			3rd person	boalt, drammet, gefaalt, gungt, häd, is, kon, koopet, kricht, lait, lät, lopt, mai, nimt, paaset, rient, säkt, schient, wäd, wol, woont
		plural	all persons	baale, beginne, blieuwe, gunge, hääbe, heere, konnen, kostje, kumt, kuume, leere, moakje, mouten, ounfange, reeke, sätte, schällen, sjo, spielje, stounde, sunt, wieten, wollen
	continuing			tougong mäd moaljen, an t sjungen
	past participle			baud, blouked, geen, grätlierd, häiwed, kuud, leerd, moaked, täld, weesen, woond
	past tense	singular	1st & 3rd person	geen, hiede, koom, kuud(e), kwad, saach, schuul, siet, stuud, toachte, waas, wüül
			2nd person	kuust, wüült
		plural		fertälden, hieden, kuuden, moasten, schuulen, wieren, woonden, wuuden
	imperative			ferglieke, fersäik, fersjuch, föige ien, heer, hoal, kiek, kopiere, lai, leer, luk, lustere, moak, oachte, oantwoude, reek, reekene, sät, schrieuw, spräk, uursät
	gerund			tou fäilen, tou heeren, dät scheenmoakjen, tou kiekjen, tou reekenjen
names	masculine			Heinrich, Jan, Kloas, Wülm, Dierk
	feminine			Oaltje
	indefenite			Ait, Amerikoa, Düütsklound, Kanada
vowels	shorts			a, ä, e, i, o, ö, u, ü
	longs			aa, ää, ee, ie, o/oo, oa, öä, öö, u/uu, üü
	diphthongs			ai, äi, au, äuw, eeuw, ieuw, oai, öi, ou